First detection of Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus and Grapevine rupestris vein feathering virus, and new phylogenetic groups for Grapevine fleck virus and Hop stunt viroid isolates, revealed from grapevine field surveys in Spain

LED transformers Evaluation of the prevalence of virus and viroid infections was conducted in a grapevine field collection in Valencia, Spain.Samples of autochthonous and traditional grapevine cultivars were collected during November 2011 and tested for the presence of fourteen viruses and five viroids, using RT-PCR.The prevalent viruses were Grape

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Universally valid reduction of multiscale stochastic biochemical systems using simple non-elementary propensities.

Biochemical systems consist of numerous elementary reactions governed by the law of mass action.However, experimentally characterizing all the elementary reactions is nearly impossible.Thus, over a century, their deterministic models that typically contain rapid reversible bindings have been simplified with non-elementary reaction functions (e.g.,

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